
<p>Reviewing your work is critical in the software development life cycle (SDLC). It reduces the instances of human errors and allows for better-quality code. Similarly, peer review in important, that involves peers checking each other’s work. But why is it essential, and how much software quality does it improve? Let’s see.</p>



<div id="toc_container" class="no_bullets"><p class="toc_title">Table Of Contents</p><ul class="toc_list"><li><a href="#What_is_Peer_Review_in_Software_Testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">1</span> What is Peer Review in Software Testing?</a></li><li><a href="#Why_Do_We_Need_Peer_Review"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">2</span> Why Do We Need Peer Review?</a></li><li><a href="#What_Should_We_Review"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">3</span> What Should We Review?</a></li><li><a href="#Types_of_Peer_Reviews"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">4</span> Types of Peer Reviews</a><ul><li><a href="#Formal"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">4.1</span> Formal</a></li><li><a href="#Informal"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">4.2</span> Informal</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#Peer_Review_Process"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">5</span> Peer Review Process</a></li><li><a href="#Peer_Review_8211_Static_Testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">6</span> Peer Review &#8211; Static Testing</a></li><li><a href="#Peer_Review_Characteristics"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">7</span> Peer Review Characteristics</a></li><li><a href="#Key_Takeaway"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">8</span> Key Takeaway</a></li><li><a href="#Frequently_Asked_Questions_FAQs"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">9</span> Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)</a><ul><li><a href="#What_are_the_3_kinds_of_peer_review"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">9.1</span> What are the 3 kinds of peer review?</a></li><li><a href="#What_is_a_peer_review_example"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">9.2</span> What is a peer review example?</a></li><li><a href="#What_are_the_5_key_elements_of_peer_review"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">9.3</span> What are the 5 key elements of peer review?</a></li></ul></li></ul></div>
<h2 id="h-what-is-peer-review-in-software-testing"><span id="What_is_Peer_Review_in_Software_Testing">What is Peer Review in Software Testing?</span></h2>



<p>Peer review in software testing can be described in 2 ways:</p>



<p> 1. A practice of checking or reviewing the code of your fellow developer.</p>



<p> 2. It can also mean checking the test cases and scripts created by your fellow testers to provide feedback and reduce testing issues.</p>



<p>Peer reviews involve viewing and testing the functioning some code or test cases to ensure that they meets the essential requirements criteria. The aim of peer review is to highlight any possible issues the piece being reviewed, suggest improvements, and check if their compliance with standards. Peer reviews help in getting a different perspective on one’s work and receiving suggestions on making the work not only better but also easier to follow. Peer review can be considered a static testing technique.</p>



<p>There are automated tools too that support the review of <a href="https://testsigma.com/automated-testing" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">automated tests </a>like <a href="https://testsigma.com/mobile-testing-tools" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Testsigma,</a> that is built with review workflows, enabling testers to review each other’s work. Not only that, it has multiple other features that would enable you to achieve a test automation ROI, sooner and better. Check more about Testsigma here: <a href="https://testsigma.com/signup" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://testsigma.com</a></p>



<p><button class="btn bg-primary cta-btn" style="margin: auto"><a href="https://testsigma.com/signup" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color:#fff">Get a test automation tool that enables peer reviews too; get Testsigma</a></button></p>



<br><h2 id="h-why-do-we-need-peer-review"><span id="Why_Do_We_Need_Peer_Review">Why Do We Need Peer Review?</span></h2>



<p>There are many reasons why you need to adopt peer review practice in your SDLC process. And it’s more than just improving the code quality.</p>



<ul><li>The inquisitive approach of your fellow developers and testers is sure to find minute issues that might miss your eyes.</li><li>It improves communication and accessibility within the team, as everyone knows who is working on what. This kind of understanding will increase the give-and-take of information among the team members.</li><li>Peer review facilitates learning among peers and builds an environment of healthy competition.</li><li>This process helps save costs in outsourcing the reviewing task to external resources or buying tools for the exact purpose.</li><li>Peer review practice is important as it also helps developers and testers meet their deadlines by taking help from their fellow team mates to solve any blockers faced.</li></ul>



<h2 id="h-what-should-we-review"><span id="What_Should_We_Review">What Should We Review?</span></h2>



<p>There is no point in promoting peer review when you don’t know what things you should review in the first place. There is a plethora of documentation to prove that soliciting feedback results in improving the quality of the product and reducing rework. We have a list of all the necessary documents and tasks you should include in your peer review process:</p>



<ul><li>Product definition and marketing planning document to properly analyze the product’s purpose and delivery needs</li><li>User requirements/specifications documents containing all the information end-users want in the application</li><li>System design documents that consist of system architecture and UI/UX plan</li><li>Programming code reviewing involves checking the backend code and looking for defects, improvements, and flow</li><li>Test plans and test cases documents consist of the test scenario, steps, and more</li></ul>



<p></p>



<h2 id="h-types-of-peer-reviews"><span id="Types_of_Peer_Reviews">Types of Peer Reviews</span></h2>



<p>Peer review in software testing can be classified into two types: formal and informal. They differ in how they are conducted within the organization.</p>



<h3 id="h-formal"><span id="Formal">Formal</span></h3>



<p>A formal peer review is one which is led by a trained moderator and follows a particular structure. It consists of a series of tasks, including requirements walkthroughs, technical reviews, inspections, and a well-detailed report at the end.</p>



<h3 id="h-informal"><span id="Informal">Informal</span></h3>



<p>Informal peer review is the exact opposite of formal. No moderator leads the process, and it is usually a personal favor that your colleagues ask of you. It follows no structure, and there are no recorded minutes of meetings for reviewers to access.</p>



<h2 id="h-peer-review-process"><span id="Peer_Review_Process">Peer Review Process</span></h2>



<p>Follow these different ways to implement a peer review process in your company:</p>



<p><strong>Informal:</strong> Start with the informal review process that simply consists of asking a fellow developer or tester to check your code or tests for correctness and to suggest improvements.</p>



<p><strong>Walkthrough:</strong> This method consists of a software developer or tester leading peers interested in the review process. They can pose questions while reviewing and come up with their explanation/understanding of the product.</p>



<p><strong>Create a structure:</strong> For a formal review process, creating a structure and having a moderator enforce the structure upon the reviewers is the best way to go.</p>



<p><strong>Review:</strong> Start the review process formally or informally, as mentioned in the above steps.</p>



<p><strong>Verify:</strong> Verification involves an organized way of conducting the evaluation process. It involves applying several testing metrics/techniques to understand the results of the review process and to analyze the validity of the output.</p>



<h2 id="h-peer-review-static-testing"><span id="Peer_Review_8211_Static_Testing">Peer Review &#8211; Static Testing</span></h2>



<p>Peer review is a static black-box testing technique. Static testing refers to analyzing the code and the related documents without the need to execute the program and tasks. So, instead of running the tests and uncovering defects, peer review follows the static testing method, which identifies issues before executing the code.</p>



<p>Here are some examples of what undergoes testing/analysis as a part of the static testing method:</p>



<ul><li>Requirement specification documents</li><li>Design documents</li><li>Webpage content</li><li>Source code</li><li>Test plans, test cases, test scripts, and test data</li><li>User requirement documents</li></ul>



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" src="https://testsigma.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/Frame-48095885.png" alt="Testsigma - Peer Review – Static Testing" class="wp-image-30350" width="600" height="400"/></figure></div>



<p><p style="padding-top:30px">In the above image, you can see how the peer review process gradually becomes formal as it moves down across the pyramid. The picture illustrates the different stages of the peer review process that we have discussed in the above section.</p></p>



<p>Read here about <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/peer-testing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Peer Testing</a></p>



<h2 id="h-peer-review-characteristics"><span id="Peer_Review_Characteristics">Peer Review Characteristics</span></h2>



<p>The characteristics of peer review are as below:</p>



<ul><li>It is a documented way of evaluating the code that involves a defect detection process.</li><li>The higher management is not involved in peer review. It consists of peers and a few technical specialists.</li><li>The peer review team is managed by a moderator who is not the original author of the code.</li><li>Reviewers create a final report of the review, which lists and details all the issues that require attention and enhancement in the program.</li></ul>



<h2 id="h-key-takeaway"><span id="Key_Takeaway">Key Takeaway</span></h2>



<p>Peer review is a way of checking and validating the code of another developer. It is done to offer advice on making the product better and finding bugs in the code. There are different ways to perform peer review, and the most suitable one is the formal review. We have discussed the types, benefits, and processes of peer review in software testing in the above sections.</p>



<p>Peer review is a fairly easy task that takes less time than sourcing the work to outside parties, but it offers immense advantages to the business. It builds communication among the team members and creates a sense of shared responsibilities among them. And with the right approach and moderator, any peer review will only provide positive results for every code you check.</p>



<h2 id="h-frequently-asked-questions-faqs"><span id="Frequently_Asked_Questions_FAQs">Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)</span></h2>



<h3 id="h-what-are-the-3-kinds-of-peer-review"><span id="What_are_the_3_kinds_of_peer_review">What are the 3 kinds of peer review?</span></h3>



<p>The three kinds of peer review in testing are single-anonymized, double-anonymized, and open peer review.</p>



<p>The single-anonymized peer review is where the author does not know the identity of the reviewer. In double-anonymized, both reviewer and author don’t know the identity of each other. In Open peer review, the identity of the author and reviewer are known by everyone in the reviewing team before, during, and after the peer review process.</p>



<h3 id="h-what-is-a-peer-review-example"><span id="What_is_a_peer_review_example">What is a peer review example?</span></h3>



<p>An example of peer review is deciphering the code of a developer. Suppose your colleague approached you to see their code and check if there is any possibility of making the program easy to understand and ensuring there is a smooth flow of data between the different modules/components of the code. This is a scenario where you are the reviewer, and your colleague is the author. Another example of peer review would be verifying the project specifications and design documents after receiving them from the clients and the stakeholders before moving ahead with the project.</p>



<h3 id="h-what-are-the-5-key-elements-of-peer-review"><span id="What_are_the_5_key_elements_of_peer_review">What are the 5 key elements of peer review?</span></h3>



<p>The five key elements of peer reviews are:</p>



<ul><li>Fairness in analyzing the code/documents</li><li>Appropriately selecting the right reviewers with the relevant experience</li><li>Choosing identifiable and publicly acceptable reviewers</li><li>Timely reporting of the review results</li><li>Providing helpful feedback</li></ul>


What is Peer Review in Software Testing?


<p>All software undergoes continuous modifications. Sometimes developers do so to fulfill clients’ requests, and other times it is to upgrade the functionality or security features. But whatever the case, any changes made to the software require continuous monitoring and maintenance. Testing software for how maintainable it is, is called Maintainability testing. </p>



<p>Let’s dive deeper into the subject in this blog. We will also talk about <a href="https://testsigma.com/automated-testing" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">automated testing </a>with maintainability testing.</p>



<div id="toc_container" class="no_bullets"><p class="toc_title">Table Of Contents</p><ul class="toc_list"><li><a href="#What_is_Maintainability_Testing_in_Software"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">1</span> What is Maintainability Testing in Software?</a></li><li><a href="#Factors_Affecting_the_Maintainability_of_the_Software"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">2</span> Factors Affecting the Maintainability of the Software</a></li><li><a href="#How_to_Measure_the_Maintainability_of_an_Application"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">3</span> How to Measure the Maintainability of an Application?</a></li><li><a href="#How_to_Improve_Your_Software_Maintainability_with_Testsigma"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">4</span> How to Improve Your Software Maintainability with Testsigma?</a><ul><li><a href="#Steps_to_conduct_GUI_testing_with_Testsigma"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">4.1</span> Steps to conduct GUI testing with Testsigma:</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#Maintainability_Testing_Best_Practices"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">5</span> Maintainability Testing Best Practices</a></li><li><a href="#Summary"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">6</span> Summary</a></li><li><a href="#Frequently_Asked_Questions_FAQs"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">7</span> Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)</a><ul><li><a href="#What_is_the_purpose_of_maintainability"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">7.1</span> What is the purpose of maintainability?</a></li><li><a href="#What_is_an_example_of_maintainability_in_software_quality"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">7.2</span> What is an example of maintainability in software quality?</a></li></ul></li></ul></div>
<h2 id="h-what-is-maintainability-testing-in-software"><span id="What_is_Maintainability_Testing_in_Software">What is Maintainability Testing in Software?</span></h2>



<p>Maintainability testing is verifying the software’s ability to maintain itself as it goes through several changes. Maintainability refers to a software’s capability to maintain itself under varying situations. It is important as applications go through several changes throughout the SDLC process, which clearly requires proper maintenance along with regular testing. And with maintainability testing, it becomes easier to validate a system’s potential to keep going with frequent features updates and bug fixes, among other things.</p>



<p>Maintainability testing is non-functional testing that defines how easy it is for developers to maintain, analyze, change a system, and run tests on it.</p>



<p>Please note that <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/test-maintenance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">maintenance testing</a> and maintainability testing are different. The former focuses on testing an application because of changes introduced in it. The latter checks how well the system can handle and maintain the changes.</p>



<h2 id="h-factors-affecting-the-maintainability-of-the-software"><span id="Factors_Affecting_the_Maintainability_of_the_Software">Factors Affecting the Maintainability of the Software</span></h2>



<p>There are several real-world and software-based factors that influence the maintainability of a system. </p>



<p><strong>For instance, some of the real-world factors are:</strong></p>



<ul><li>How old the software is currently and how many changes it experiences on a weekly/monthly basis?</li><li>If the memory and storage of the application is sufficient to withstand the changes and maintain its functioning accordingly.</li><li>The skill your business possesses to understand maintainability testing.</li><li>How developers built the application? Did they develop with the idea of making the system self-sufficient and maintaining itself during modifications?</li></ul>



<p><strong>The software-based factors are:</strong></p>



<ul><li>Does the structure of the software support maintenance?</li><li>Which programming language is used to develop the software?</li><li>If the software is self-reliable to withstand changes without breaking down.</li></ul>



<h2 id="h-how-to-measure-the-maintainability-of-an-application"><span id="How_to_Measure_the_Maintainability_of_an_Application">How to Measure the Maintainability of an Application?</span></h2>



<p>Now, we will discuss how to measure them and gauge the maintainability of an application. Two of the most common measurement scales are: how changeable an application is and how stable it is while going through those changes. <a href="https://www.iso.org/home.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow">ISO</a> is a popular standard that is internationally accepted and also provides guidelines for Systems and Software Quality Requirements and Evaluation (SQuaRE).</p>



<p>There are 5 prominent ISO-defined attributes that support the measurement of an application’s maintainability:</p>



<ul><li><strong>Modularity:</strong> This attribute focuses on the modular components of the system. It checks if the software consists of several independent components coming together. Based on the modularity of the application, a small change can have an impact on the application that might require renovations.</li><li><strong>Reusability:</strong> This attribute looks for pre-existing code snippets you can reuse in the application or another software to replicate its functionality. It reduces the cost of writing new code and improves the quality and overall productivity of the software.</li><li><strong>Analyzability:</strong> It checks how efficiently a software flow, often unintended, can be found and fixed. This attribute identifies defects in the system components that require changing.</li><li><strong>Modifiability:</strong> As per its name, modifiability is the criteria of the system that checks how much a system can be modified without compromising its quality and existing features.</li><li><strong>Testability:</strong> This attribute defines the degree of effectiveness with which test criteria can be developed. It further checks if these tests can meet those criteria.</li></ul>



<h2 id="h-how-to-improve-your-software-maintainability-with-testsigma"><span id="How_to_Improve_Your_Software_Maintainability_with_Testsigma">How to Improve Your Software Maintainability with Testsigma?</span></h2>



<p>There is no one way or concrete method to follow while implementing maintainability testing. As every software undergoes certain changes throughout SDLC and even after its release, maintainability testing then works on a case-to-case basis. Typically, automation tools greatly support and expedite maintainability, such as <a href="https://testsigma.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Testsigma</a>. Let’s take an example of running visual testing with Testsigma to understand how the tool supports maintainability testing. You can perform both static and dynamic visual testing using our tool.</p>



<p>Testsigma allows the execution of visual testing for web and mobile applications. Before starting, you only need to tick the ‘Enable Visual testing for this step’ option. The visual testing option is now available for the next successful run, where the online UI elements are compared against a baseline image.</p>



<h3 id="h-steps-to-conduct-gui-testing-with-testsigma"><span id="Steps_to_conduct_GUI_testing_with_Testsigma">Steps to conduct GUI testing with Testsigma:</span></h3>



<ul><li>Create a test case, add it to a test suite, and add the test suite to a Test Plan as per your requirement.</li></ul><br>



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter is-resized"><img loading="lazy" src="https://images.storychief.com/account_36412/step-1_377529c5a8877f32e7869dc65a848865_2000.jpg" alt="Create a Test Case" width="800" height="400"/></figure></div>



<br><ul><li>Enable Visual Testing for the test steps that need visual testing.</li></ul><br>



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter is-resized"><img loading="lazy" src="https://images.storychief.com/account_36412/enable-visual-testing_db8e8e08798cc94c84f275da70258acb_2000.jpg" alt="Enable Visual Testing" width="800" height="400"/></figure></div>



<br><ul><li>Run your test plan once to save all images as base images. These are the baseline pictures to compare the visual changes.</li><li>Now Run your test plan again. The tool will automatically take screenshots of your application at every test step and make reference images.</li></ul><br>



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter is-resized"><img loading="lazy" src="https://images.storychief.com/account_36412/run-the-test-plan-view-the-results_377cd46e65e10a74256e68a4d06ad5a6_2000.jpg" alt="Run the Test Case" width="800" height="400"/></figure></div>



<br><ul><li>Testsigma automatically compares these reference images with the base images in the first run to find differences.</li></ul><br>



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter is-resized"><img loading="lazy" src="https://images.storychief.com/account_36412/find-visual-errors_10baecf60cdf72d6e7323219516b3b39_2000.jpg" alt="Compare the Results" width="800" height="400"/></figure></div>



<br><ul><li>Any other changes in the screenshots are automatically ignored to avoid false negatives.</li></ul><br>



<p>Having a baseline image makes it easy to test the visuals and maintain the same quality and look of the application in the future. Such practice improves the maintainability of the application and even allows for reusing the test cases if similar visuals need to be tested later on. <a href="https://testsigma.com/request-demo" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sign up for a demo</a> to see all this in action.</p>



<p><button class="btn bg-primary cta-btn" style="display: block;
    margin: auto;"><a href="https://testsigma.com/signup" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color:#fff">Improve the maintainability of your software with an efficient test automation tool, Testsigma</a></button></p>



<h2 id="h-maintainability-testing-best-practices"><span id="Maintainability_Testing_Best_Practices">Maintainability Testing Best Practices</span></h2>



<p>But before you start maintaining your tests and also implement maintainability testing, here are some of the best practices that work for every type/category:</p>



<ul><li>Ensure to build a list of maintainability factors before you start with the testing, which would include the stability and complexity of the code.</li><li>The software must adhere to appropriate standards for the database, interface, and development processes. One instance of this will be verifying if the application supports optimized algorithms and the ability to reuse the code.</li><li>Your maintainability testing should comply with the five maintainability attributes we mentioned above: Modularity, Reusability, Analyzability, Modifiability, and Testability.</li></ul>



<h2 id="h-summary"><span id="Summary">Summary</span></h2>



<p>Maintainability testing is the software’s ability to maintain itself as it goes through several modifications. It reduces the cost of maintaining the system. There are different categories of maintainability testing that focus on separate areas of the application and check for possible issues.</p>



<p>There are multiple ways to measure maintainability, which we have discussed in the above section.</p>



<h2 id="h-frequently-asked-questions-faqs"><span id="Frequently_Asked_Questions_FAQs">Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)</span></h2>



<h3 id="h-what-is-the-purpose-of-maintainability"><span id="What_is_the_purpose_of_maintainability">What is the purpose of maintainability?</span></h3>



<p>The purpose of maintainability is to better the maintenance efforts of the software. The higher the maintainability, the better the ability of the application to handle the changes and maintain itself.</p>



<h3 id="h-what-is-an-example-of-maintainability-in-software-quality"><span id="What_is_an_example_of_maintainability_in_software_quality">What is an example of maintainability in software quality?</span></h3>



<p>An example of maintainability in <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/software-quality-assurance-plan/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">software quality</a> is code with a clear structure and proper commenting that makes it easier for developers to debug and analyze the program if new lines are added to it.</p>


Maintainability Testing What, How to Measure & Best Practices

Maintainability Testing | What, How to Measure & Best Practices


<p>Can you test 100% of your application? Or can you cover every possible testing scenario? And how much time and resources should you allocate to make the software bug-free? There are multiple questions, and all their answers lie in Test coverage techniques.</p>



<div id="toc_container" class="no_bullets"><p class="toc_title">Table Of Contents</p><ul class="toc_list"><li><a href="#Why_Are_Test_Coverage_Techniques_Important_for_Test_Automation"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">1</span> Why Are Test Coverage Techniques Important for Test Automation?</a></li><li><a href="#Test_Coverage_Techniques_You_Should_Know"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">2</span> Test Coverage Techniques You Should Know</a><ul><li><a href="#Product_Coverage"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">2.1</span> Product Coverage</a></li><li><a href="#Risk_Coverage"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">2.2</span> Risk Coverage</a></li><li><a href="#Requirements_Coverage"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">2.3</span> Requirements Coverage</a></li><li><a href="#Boundary_Value_Coverage"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">2.4</span> Boundary Value Coverage</a></li><li><a href="#Compatibility_Coverage"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">2.5</span> Compatibility Coverage</a></li><li><a href="#AI-Aided_Test_Automation"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">2.6</span> AI-Aided Test Automation</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#Key_Takeaway"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">3</span> Key Takeaway</a></li><li><a href="#Frequently_Asked_Questions_FAQs"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">4</span> Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)</a><ul><li><a href="#How_do_you_measure_test_coverage"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">4.1</span> How do you measure test coverage?</a></li><li><a href="#What_are_some_of_the_test_coverage_best_practices"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">4.2</span> What are some of the test coverage best practices?</a></li></ul></li></ul></div>
<h2 id="h-why-are-test-coverage-techniques-important-for-test-automation"><span id="Why_Are_Test_Coverage_Techniques_Important_for_Test_Automation">Why Are Test Coverage Techniques Important for Test Automation?</span></h2>



<p>Automated testing makes use of tools and test scripts to validate the application. The only manual intervention in automated testing is when testers write and run the scripts. Translating the manual cases to automation covers many scenarios to test the application in lesser time. </p>



<p>Thus, better <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/test-coverage/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">test coverage</a> can be achieved sooner. With test automation, you can also focus on areas that are easily missed or difficult to test manually. For instance, checking UI changes manually might seem easy, but pixel-by-pixel comparison and the right font and size can be accurately validated using visual test automation. You can use test coverage techniques and automation to analyze the priority of the test case and run them to get results. </p>



<p>One example of this could be an application that consists of multiple research papers, but only users with valid credentials can access them. In that case, identifying the correct logins and sessions per user is a critical task that is difficult to check with <a href="https://testsigma.com/guides/manual-testing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">manual testing</a>. Combining test coverage techniques with automation will clearly determine the areas that need attention and also provide quick testing of the complete scenario. </p>



<p>For automated testing, choose tools that support the implementation of test coverage techniques we are about to discuss in this blog. Testsigma is an AI-based test automation tool that automates your test cases using these techniques, which we will discuss in later sections.</p>



<p>Read here &#8211; <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/test-coverage-metrics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Test Coverage Metrics</a></p>



<h2 id="h-test-coverage-techniques-you-should-know"><span id="Test_Coverage_Techniques_You_Should_Know">Test Coverage Techniques You Should Know</span></h2>



<p>Test coverage techniques help you to improve the quality of your tests and cover the code lines that are still invalid. There are primarily six techniques that are popular in the market:</p>



<h3 id="h-product-coverage"><span id="Product_Coverage">Product Coverage</span></h3>



<p>A product, here, is a software application that is built to solve some problem for a certain group of users. Product coverage measures the parts/sections of the product that have undergone testing against the total number of parts/sections of the product. It is the ratio between the tested parts to the total number of parts available for testing. Some ways of extending the technique range include making a checklist, prioritizing the product features, and automating the tests.</p>



<h3 id="h-risk-coverage"><span id="Risk_Coverage">Risk Coverage</span></h3>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" width="2400" height="1260" src="https://testsigma.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/Slide-16_9-51.png" alt="Test coverage technique - Risk coverage" class="wp-image-29264" /></figure>



<p>Another important criterion of the test coverage technique is risk coverage. It identifies all the risks associated with the software under development and tests them thoroughly to uncover bugs. The ideal way to proceed with risk coverage is to segment the tests into different categories:</p>



<ul><li>a likely scenario with a major impact</li><li>an unlikely scenario with low impact</li><li>an unlikely scenario with a major impact</li><li>a likely scenario with low impact</li></ul>



<p>Once you know what test cases come under which division, you can assign them priorities and continue the testing process.</p>



<p>Suppose you are to test an app that manages finances and personal data. In that case, identifying external and internal risks and testing all of those scenarios properly comes under risk coverage. Checking if there is any loophole in the payments page is a likely scenario with a major impact, and verifying that you can make two payments at once is an unlikely scenario with a major impact.</p>



<h3 id="h-requirements-coverage"><span id="Requirements_Coverage">Requirements Coverage</span></h3>



<p>As the name suggests, requirements coverage will measure how many requirements are tested.</p>



<h3 id="h-boundary-value-coverage"><span id="Boundary_Value_Coverage">Boundary Value Coverage</span></h3>



<p>Boundary value testing is a <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/the-different-software-testing-types-explained/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">type of testing</a> that tests the boundary values for the input values being accepted by the application. With Boundary Value Coverage, you calculate the percentage of boundary value tests executed. This technique ensures that boundary-based testing is done for all the fields across the application.</p>



<h3 id="h-compatibility-coverage"><span id="Compatibility_Coverage">Compatibility Coverage</span></h3>



<p><a href="https://testsigma.com/guides/compatibility-testing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Compatibility tests</a> check the compatibility of an application with different platforms, browsers, and operating systems. Compatibility coverage will be the percentage of compatibility tests executed. Cross-browser testing is also a type of compatibility testing and is counted under compatibility coverage.</p>



<h3 id="h-ai-aided-test-automation"><span id="AI-Aided_Test_Automation">AI-Aided Test Automation</span></h3>



<p>The testing tools that run on AI enable self-improving and self-maintaining test suites. With this, you can rely on robust <a href="https://testsigma.com/guides/what-is-test-case/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">test cases</a> to provide your application with better test coverage that keeps improving. <strong>Testsigma is the new-age, AI-aided test automation tool that provides:</strong></p>



<ul><li>Codeless testing – you only need to know simple English to automate tests</li><li>Self-healing test cases, so their maintenance isn’t a huge task</li><li>Reporting and analytics of the results for better collaboration across teams</li><li>Offers compatibility to multiple third-party tools, including <a href="https://www.redhat.com/en/topics/devops/what-is-ci-cd" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CI/CD integration</a>, collaboration tools, and bug tracking</li><li>Supports Agile and DevOps approach</li><li>Executes web, application, mobile, and <a href="https://testsigma.com/guides/api-testing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">API testing</a> on one unified platform</li><li>You can start creating and executing your tests in minutes</li></ul>



<h2 id="h-key-takeaway"><span id="Key_Takeaway">Key Takeaway</span></h2>



<p>Testing is important, but how much testing is important? What parameters exist to help you understand if you are testing the application enough? It&#8217;s test coverage. It measures the lines of code that have been tested against the total lines of code. The idea is to ensure that you know how much testing is over and how much is still left. And for that, you follow several test coverage techniques that we have mentioned in this blog.</p>



<p>From risk coverage and product coverage to automation and boundary-level evaluation, all these techniques will help you assess your testing efforts. And for everything automation, you already have Testsigma to assist you in no-code testing with all the benefits of test coverage. Explore our website for more information, and sign up for the free demo.</p>




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<h2 id="h-frequently-asked-questions-faqs"><span id="Frequently_Asked_Questions_FAQs">Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)</span></h2>



<h3 id="h-how-do-you-measure-test-coverage"><span id="How_do_you_measure_test_coverage">How do you measure test coverage?</span></h3>



<p>Test coverage is a percentage value that calculates the line of code tested against the total lines of code available to test. Read here &#8211; <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/how-create-best-test-case-design-get-maximum-test-coverage/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">how to ensure test coverage</a></p>



<h3 id="h-what-are-some-of-the-test-coverage-best-practices"><span id="What_are_some_of_the_test_coverage_best_practices">What are some of the<a href="http://Test Coverage Best Practices" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> test coverage best practices?</a></span></h3>



<p>Test coverage best practices include</p>



<ul><li>Assessing the risk areas &#8211; Any area that is prone to failing and is user critical should be tested well.</li><li>Reaching for almost 80% test coverage measurement &#8211; Write test cases that cover at least 80% of application features.</li><li>Give priority to user requirements &#8211; Consider the functional and user requirements to implement the requirement coverage technique.</li><li>Be smart during test case creation &#8211; use test coverage techniques that validate the right scenarios and cover the maximum amount of code.</li><li>employing the right automation tools for testing &#8211; go for test automation tools that allow you to be flexible with your test automation approach and let you apply the test coverage techniques we discussed.</li></ul>


Test Coverage Techniques Used In Software Testing

Incremental Testing in Software Testing


<p>The need to save cost and time has pushed organizations to introduce better and faster approaches for developing and testing applications. No longer does the ‘build first, test later’ method work in favor of companies that are attempting to succeed in such a competitive environment. Today, DevOps is the rage as it helps to shrink the time gap between development and deployment with its CI/CD techniques. But even DevOps will not be able to do any good without the right set of principles to run your project. This is where Shift Left testing principles help to transform your development and testing approach.</p>



<p><a href="https://testsigma.com/guides/shift-left-testing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Shift left testing </a>is an approach that enables companies to test their applications early in the development process. And we are going to discuss the topic in detail in this blog.</p>



<div id="toc_container" class="no_bullets"><p class="toc_title">Table Of Contents</p><ul class="toc_list"><li><a href="#What_Does_Shift_Left_Mean_in_DevOps"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">1</span> What Does Shift Left Mean in DevOps?</a></li><li><a href="#What_are_Shift_Left_Testing_Principles"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">2</span> What are Shift Left Testing Principles?</a></li><li><a href="#Why_are_Shift_Left_Testing_Principles_Important_in_DevOps"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">3</span> Why are Shift Left Testing Principles Important in DevOps?</a></li><li><a href="#Why_does_DevOps_Recommend_Shift_Left_Testing_Principles"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">4</span> Why does DevOps Recommend “Shift Left” Testing Principles?</a><ul><li><a href="#Reduced_Cost_of_Fixing_Defects"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">4.1</span> Reduced Cost of Fixing Defects</a></li><li><a href="#Better_Quality_Product_at_Improved_Speed"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">4.2</span> Better Quality Product at Improved Speed</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#Advantages_of_Shift_Left_Testing_Principles"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">5</span> Advantages of Shift Left Testing Principles</a></li><li><a href="#Shift-left_and_Test_Automation_in_DevOps"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">6</span> Shift-left and Test Automation in DevOps</a></li><li><a href="#Takeaway"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">7</span> Takeaway</a></li><li><a href="#Frequently_Asked_Questions_FAQs"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">8</span> Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)</a><ul><li><a href="#What_is_the_shift-left_approach_in_Agile"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">8.1</span> What is the shift-left approach in Agile?</a></li><li><a href="#What_is_the_benefit_of_shift-left_testing_principles"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">8.2</span> What is the benefit of shift-left testing principles?</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#Suggested_Readings"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">9</span> Suggested Readings</a></li></ul></div>
<h2 id="h-what-does-shift-left-mean-in-devops"><span id="What_Does_Shift_Left_Mean_in_DevOps"><strong>What Does Shift Left Mean in DevOps?</strong></span></h2>



<p>Shift left in DevOps refers to the organizations&#8217; endeavor to ensure that the applications undergo testing in the early stages of development. It is a part of DevSecOps organizational design that combines development, security, and operations.DevOps consist of Continuous testing/integration and Continuous deployment: two features that make sure that the software undergoes frequent testing anywhere and whenever.</p>



<p>Continuous testing/integration (CI) pertains to testing earlier, consistently, faster, and automatically during the entire development stage. The application goes from development to testing and to deployment with no gaps in a <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/why-devops-is-important-for-modern-businesses/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">continuous DevOps process</a>. It consists of Unit testing, <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/integration-testing-types/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Integration testing</a>, system testing, and <a href="https://testsigma.com/guides/api-testing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">API testing</a> and assists developers in locating issues to address them and improve product quality.</p>



<p>Continuous deployment refers to automatically pushing the code changes to the production environment. It follows a series of tests before updating the changes directly to the production. To achieve such fast testing and delivery, automated regression testing is recommended. CI/CD approaches can be automated and performed well with test automation tools. For instance, <a href="https://testsigma.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Testsigma</a> automates <a href="https://testsigma.com/regression-testing" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">regression tests</a> for web, mobile, desktop and APIs, thus testing large parts of your test suites. Our tool supports shift-left testing in many other ways, and you can read about it <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/how-does-testsigma-support-the-shift-left-approach/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">here</a>. </p>



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<h2 id="h-what-are-shift-left-testing-principles"><span id="What_are_Shift_Left_Testing_Principles"><strong>What are Shift Left Testing Principles?</strong></span></h2>



<div style="height:26px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" width="735" height="435" src="https://testsigma.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/in-article-2-MC456.jpg" alt="SDLC Process" class="wp-image-29028"/><figcaption>SDLC Process</figcaption></figure>



<div style="height:26px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div>



<p>The traditional SDLC model relies on a forward-moving process where testing occurs at the later stages. If testers identify any issues in the application, they send it back to the developers for rectification. But this complete process consumes a considerable amount of time, is highly complex, and comes with a huge cost.</p>



<p>The shift left testing principle consists of moving the testing phase from the end of SDLC to the early stages of the pipeline. As opposed to executing the test cases after the development phase is over to send the product back to coders upon encountering bugs, shift left identifies and resolves issues early in the development process. This approach reduces the time in fixing bugs that are discovered later in the pipeline and improves software quality.</p>



<p>Typically, the success of shift left means developers run more tests to check application quality before pushing it to the testers. And multiple automation tools support the shift left testing principles. For instance, a tool that lets you begin with your testing along side the development activities. This tool could support TDD or unit testing, or could help testers create tests without waiting for development to finish.</p>



<h2 id="h-why-are-shift-left-testing-principles-important-in-devops"><span id="Why_are_Shift_Left_Testing_Principles_Important_in_DevOps"><strong>Why are Shift Left Testing Principles Important in DevOps?</strong></span></h2>



<p>There are many reasons why you must adopt shift left testing principles in DevOps. Here are some of them:</p>



<ul><li>Pushes testing to the early stages of the pipeline and saves cost</li><li>Makes it easier for developers to detect and resolve bugs early in software development</li><li>Produces a high-quality application with fewer code patches and fixes</li><li>Reduces the instances of delay in product delivery</li><li>Improves customer satisfaction as the delivery is on time and with minimal issues</li><li>Allows for the use of test automation tools early in SDLC that increases the accuracy of finding errors</li><li>Enables your team to write, execute, and record test cases and their results, respectively, using automation tools.</li></ul>



<h2 id="why-does-devops-recommend-shift-left-testing-principles"><span id="Why_does_DevOps_Recommend_Shift_Left_Testing_Principles"><strong>Why does DevOps Recommend “Shift Left” Testing Principles?</strong></span></h2>



<p>The primary goal of DevOps is to ensure that the development and testing process is smooth, which provides better quality products at an increased speed. And two of the major reasons why DevOps recommends shift left testing principles are reduced cost of fixing bugs and increased speed of delivering high-quality software.</p>



<h3 id="reduced-cost-of-fixing-defects"><span id="Reduced_Cost_of_Fixing_Defects">Reduced Cost of Fixing Defects</span></h3>



<p>It is common knowledge in every business that resolving issues during the development phase is easier and costs less than doing so in the production phase. The process requires much less labor, has fewer dependencies, and results in rolling out a better-quality product. Early bug detection actions prompt the implementation of corrective measures and strategies, which enhances software development quality and maintains a high codebase standard.</p>



<h3 id="better-quality-product-at-improved-speed"><span id="Better_Quality_Product_at_Improved_Speed">Better Quality Product at Improved Speed</span></h3>



<p>Since developers would work on the defects as soon as they are identified in the development phase, the overall quality of the software becomes better as it moves through the subsequent phases. And this complete approach proves highly useful, allowing all the individuals involved in the project to maintain the software from the first step itself.</p>



<p>Moreover, being able to determine the issues and keep them at bay makes it easier for project managers to provide accurate information about the development to the stakeholders and keep the delivery timeline intact.</p>



<h2 id="advantages-of-shift-left-testing-principles"><span id="Advantages_of_Shift_Left_Testing_Principles"><strong>Advantages of Shift Left Testing Principles</strong></span></h2>



<p>Some of the advantages of shift left testing principles in DevOps are:</p>



<ul><li>The project cost gets reduced as the bugs are dealt with at the development stage.</li><li>It improves the product quality due to increased efficiency of the software development process.</li><li>It accelerates the time-to-delivery as the chances of finding defects in the production phase are low, and the codebase is strong.</li></ul>



<h2 id="h-shift-left-and-test-automation-in-devops"><span id="Shift-left_and_Test_Automation_in_DevOps"><strong>Shift-left and Test Automation in DevOps</strong></span></h2>



<p>Test automation is a necessity, but does it always yield positive results for the business? Let’s see.</p>



<div style="height:26px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" width="793" height="435" src="https://testsigma.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/in-article-3-MC456.jpg" alt="Shift Left and Test Automation" class="wp-image-29030"/><figcaption>Shift Left and Test Automation</figcaption></figure>



<div style="height:26px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div>



<p>There are multiple ways for you to embrace and spread the usage of automation in your SLDC process. You can choose to become a self-starter and build your own <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/test-automation-frameworks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">test automation framework</a>, or you can adopt the ones already present in the market after a proper analysis. But all of these <a href="https://testsigma.com/automated-testing" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">automated tests</a> require a huge sum of money, time, and skilled labor. And this is when you need to see if the investment in test automation is paying off or ripping you off. If automation costs more than the benefit it brings, you need to reconsider.</p>



<p>How do you then decide if the investment in the <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/shift-left-testing-some-tools-that-can-help/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">shift left test automation tool</a> is worth it? Consider these factors:</p>



<ul><li>Eliminate high dependencies on code specialists when automating test cases. Go for <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/codeless-testing-when-is-testsigma-recommended-tool-for-you/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">codeless tools</a> that allow you to write and run test cases with the testers you already have.</li><li>A tool that is easy to learn, simple to install and implement, and available for non-technical professionals as well will offer a quicker turnaround time and better results.</li><li>Choose a tool that offers low maintenance of test cases and can scale with your growing business need. <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/how-does-testsigma-support-the-shift-left-approach/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Testsigma supports shift left testing</a> by allowing you to create tests along with the development phase &#8211; you can create elements that can be filled up later. Testsigma is a <a href="https://testsigma.com/low-code-test-automation" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">low code test automation platform</a> that lets you author test cases in simple English, without any need to learn code. Testsigma also lets you automate your tests for web, mobile, desktop and API applications from the same place. </li></ul>



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<h2 id="h-takeaway"><span id="Takeaway"><strong>Takeaway</strong></span></h2>



<p>The days of development first and testing later are over. Today, organizations follow continuous development and continuous testing. DevOps is making it possible with CI/CD approach. But the overall idea can only thrive if automation comes into the picture.</p>



<p>Shift-left testing ensures that testing moves closer to development and helps introduce automation into the entire process. We discuss all the possible options and choices so you understand shift left testing and implement it to improve the software quality.</p>



<h2 id="h-frequently-asked-questions-faqs"><span id="Frequently_Asked_Questions_FAQs"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)</strong></span></h2>



<h3 id="h-what-is-the-shift-left-approach-in-agile"><span id="What_is_the_shift-left_approach_in_Agile">What is the shift-left approach in Agile?</span></h3>



<p>The shift-left approach in agile is moving the testing, quality, and performance check early in the SDLC pipeline, sometime even before the production code is complete. It helps developers and testers anticipate the potential changes that arise during the development process and might affect software performance.</p>



<h3 id="h-what-is-the-benefit-of-shift-left-testing-principles"><span id="What_is_the_benefit_of_shift-left_testing_principles">What is the benefit of shift-left testing principles?</span></h3>



<p>Shift-left testing principles reduces development and testing cost, create cleaner, high-quality code, saves time, and improves software delivery time.</p>



<h2 id="suggested-readings"><span id="Suggested_Readings"><strong>Suggested Readings</strong></span></h2>



<p><a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/how-does-testsigma-support-the-shift-left-approach/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Shift Left Approach&nbsp;</a></p>



<p><a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/shift-left-testing-some-tools-that-can-help/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Shift Left Testing Tools</a></p>



<p><a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/shift-left-vs-shift-right/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Shift left vs Shift Right Testing</a></p>


Shift Left Testing Principles: Guide to Improving Testing Quality


<p><em>A clean test script is a good test script.</em></p>



<p><em>But a well-maintained test script is the best.</em></p>



<p>And while developers work hard to add/update application features, the well-maintained test scripts pick out tiny mistakes that slip into the code. You can turn to <a href="https://testsigma.com/automated-testing" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">automation testing</a> to fix the mistakes in the software, but what if the test cases themselves are wrong? Maintenance testing helps here. It keeps the tests up to date, ensures AUT quality, and increases overall test coverage. Both manual and automation tests require regular maintenance. And for this blog, we will focus on the latter and discuss all the possible scenarios you can implement to maintain your automation tests.</p>



<p>Here’s our take on test maintenance and why you should think sincerely about implementing it for your business.</p>



<div id="toc_container" class="no_bullets"><p class="toc_title">Table Of Contents</p><ul class="toc_list"><li><a href="#What_is_Test_Maintenance_Testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">1</span> What is Test Maintenance Testing?</a></li><li><a href="#Why_is_Test_Maintenance_Crucial_to_Software_Development"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">2</span> Why is Test Maintenance Crucial to Software Development?</a></li><li><a href="#Types_Of_Maintenance_Testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">3</span> Types Of Maintenance Testing</a><ul><li><a href="#Confirmation_Maintenance_Testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">3.1</span> Confirmation Maintenance Testing</a></li><li><a href="#Regression_Maintenance_Testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">3.2</span> Regression Maintenance Testing</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#How_Do_You_Maintain_a_Test"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">4</span> How Do You Maintain a Test?</a></li><li><a href="#Test_Maintenance_Techniques_Approaches"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">5</span> Test Maintenance Techniques/ Approaches</a></li><li><a href="#What_are_Some_Best_Practices_for_Test_Maintenance"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">6</span> What are Some Best Practices for Test Maintenance?</a></li><li><a href="#What_are_the_Main_Challenges_of_Test_Maintenance"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">7</span> What are the Main Challenges of Test Maintenance?</a></li><li><a href="#How_Does_Testsigma_Make_Maintenance_of_Automated_Test_Cases_Easy"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">8</span> How Does Testsigma Make Maintenance of Automated Test Cases Easy?</a></li><li><a href="#Conclusion"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">9</span> Conclusion</a></li><li><a href="#Frequently_Asked_Questions_FAQs"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">10</span> Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)</a><ul><li><a href="#When_should_maintenance_testing_occur"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">10.1</span> When should maintenance testing occur?</a></li><li><a href="#What_is_the_importance_of_test_maintenance"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">10.2</span> What is the importance of test maintenance?</a></li></ul></li></ul></div>
<h2 id="h-what-is-test-maintenance-testing"><span id="What_is_Test_Maintenance_Testing"><strong>What is Test Maintenance Testing?</strong></span></h2>



<p>Test maintenance is the process of repairing test cases so they stay updated with continuous code changes. </p>



<p>Often, businesses have codes that keep changing as new updates get added to the application. Test maintenance ensures that your test script, manual or automation, stays up to date with the changes in code. With regular test maintenance, your business will save costs and time with high-quality tests by your side. For example, if the identifying attribute of a UI element (Id or class or Xpath) changes, even the test needs to accommodate that change to avoid failure.</p>



<p>There are multiple tools you can use for test automation. Some of those tools have features that reduce the test maintenance time, like Testsigma. Testsigma supports self-healing. It automatically detects the changes in the attributes of web elements and updates them so that tests don’t fail. Keep reading, and you will learn how Testsigma keeps your test cases up-to-date with the changes made in the code.</p>



<h2 id="h-why-is-test-maintenance-crucial-to-software-development"><span id="Why_is_Test_Maintenance_Crucial_to_Software_Development"><strong>Why is Test Maintenance Crucial to Software Development?</strong></span></h2>



<p>Test maintenance is crucial because it lowers the time and cost of writing tests. With test maintenance, you don’t need to keep working on new tests; add/delete the information from the existing ones. It simplifies testing, consistently maintains test quality, and improves automation testing scripts to run complex tests.</p>



<h2 id="h-types-of-maintenance-testing"><span id="Types_Of_Maintenance_Testing"><strong>Types Of Maintenance Testing</strong></span></h2>



<p>When working on maintaining tests, there are two types of maintenance testing every tester needs to work on:</p>



<h3 id="h-confirmation-maintenance-testing"><span id="Confirmation_Maintenance_Testing">Confirmation Maintenance Testing</span></h3>



<p>This maintenance testing type checks the modified code. While conducting this type of maintenance testing, you need to monitor every small and big modification in the code to ensure there are no functionality or downtime issues. Read more about <a href="https://testsigma.com/guides/confirmation-testing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Confirmation testing</a></p>



<h3 id="h-regression-maintenance-testing"><span id="Regression_Maintenance_Testing">Regression Maintenance Testing</span></h3>



<p>This type focuses on testing the existing functionality and comes after the confirmation maintenance testing phase. It checks the complete software after the code change to ensure the existing functions do not encounter any issues. It is called <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/automated-regression-testing-challenges-agile/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Regression testing</a>.</p>



<h2 id="h-how-do-you-maintain-a-test"><span id="How_Do_You_Maintain_a_Test"><strong>How Do You Maintain a Test?</strong></span></h2>



<p>To maintain a test, you can keep changing the script to follow the code changes. Just monitor the modifications in the code and change the data/steps in the test script accordingly. But do you think this is a feasible way to maintain a test? What if a major release influences multiple areas of the application, and you would need to change every test script manually? The process seems tedious and highly time-consuming, and even prone to errors. And manually maintaining the scripts is not the right approach in the long term. But whatever your case, manual or automation, here are some of the best practices for you to follow when maintaining a test is not a one-man&#8217;s job.</p>



<h2 id="test-maintenance-techniques-approaches"><span id="Test_Maintenance_Techniques_Approaches">Test Maintenance Techniques/ Approaches</span></h2>



<p><strong>1) Using Reusable Test Modules Approach: </strong>Every feature or functionality consists of multiple components. To maintain test scripts properly, you need to break down your tests into smaller, reusable functions or modules. This way, when any changes occur to the software application, you would not need to update multiple tests, you would just have to update the part of the script that needs to be changed.</p>



<p><strong>2) Page Object Model (POM) Approach: </strong>This design pattern facilitates the separation of test script functionality from the user interface. Because each component or page has its own class, maintenance is made simpler. The only tests that would require updating in the event of UI changes are the page object classes.</p>



<p><strong>3) Centralized Test Data Management: </strong>Instead of hard-coding data in test scripts, a best practice is to keep the test data in separate files or formats like CSV, Excel, or JSON. This way, if the test data needs to be changed, you would only need to update the data files instead of modifying the test code itself.</p>



<p><strong>4) User Version Control Systems: </strong>It is easier to keep track of changes and roll back to earlier versions when test scripts are stored in a version control system like Git. This is also important when multiple members are working on the same test suite because it checks that everyone is on the same page.</p>



<p><strong>5) Regular Review and Refactoring: </strong>Just like developers are advised to always regularly review and refactor the application, the same applies to QA teams as well. The test scripts need to be regularly refactored to avoid redundant steps and to generally improve the structure of the test scripts.&nbsp;</p>



<p><strong>6) Using Automated Test Maintenance Tools: </strong>It is easier to detect when tests break because of code changes when test automation is integrated with continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD) pipelines. Also, test management tools like TestRail or Jira can be used to track, organize, and maintain test results.<gwmw style="display:none;"><gwmw style="display:none;"></gwmw></p>



<h2 id="h-what-are-some-best-practices-for-test-maintenance"><span id="What_are_Some_Best_Practices_for_Test_Maintenance"><strong>What are Some Best Practices for Test Maintenance?</strong></span></h2>



<p>Below are some simple steps that make test maintenance easy:</p>



<ul><li>Build a clear and accessible test maintenance design where team members can easily communicate. You can achieve this by meticulously planning the test cycles and utilizing all the resources available to you. For example, if a tester worked on a test script for a certain feature, keeping everyone in the loop and being open to adapting changes to the test plan will help your team in maintenance testing.</li><li>Use a standard template for all test cases during automation</li><li>Try to create reusable tests or use a tool that supports reusability</li><li>Add testing as a critical part of SDLC during the development itself. This means adopting the <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/how-does-testsigma-support-the-shift-left-approach/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">shift-left testing technique</a> and going for CI/CD approach.</li><li>Write test cases and scripts with maximum coverage in the first instance, so you won’t have to keep adding new data for every small code change.</li><li>Run regular technical reviews of your test cases/scripts every month/quarter to find missing cases.</li><li>Add test steps that focus on what users will see and experience rather than going deep to the code level because sometimes, even when the program is right visual elements are missing on the page.</li><li>Keep updating changes on the go in your tests as you change your code.</li><li>To save time and get more work done, go for a no-code test automation tool, such as Testsigma, that comes with a lot of features to reduce test maintenance time. We will talk more about it in the sections below.</li></ul>



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<h2 id="h-what-are-the-main-challenges-of-test-maintenance"><span id="What_are_the_Main_Challenges_of_Test_Maintenance"><strong>What are the Main Challenges of Test Maintenance?</strong></span></h2>



<p>Here are some of the common challenges you might encounter while working on test maintenance:</p>



<ul><li>Your team might find it difficult to manage the cost and time of maintaining the tests if they are not equipped with the right tools and knowledge.</li><li>It becomes challenging if you do not find a test automation tool that can analyze false positives/flaky tests.</li><li>Poor or delayed communication between the developers and testers can compromise the test maintenance process and make it difficult to keep the tests on track with the code changes.</li><li>Your team will come across issues with testing tools that do not have the capability to detect GUI objects and the changes thereafter.</li><li>There might come situations where there is a skill gap in testers/developers to understand the requirement and maintain the tests either manually or using tools.</li></ul>



<p>And all these challenges might be difficult to surpass, but with the right tool like Testsigma, you can lower or even eliminate some of them.</p>



<h2 id="h-how-does-testsigma-make-maintenance-of-automated-test-cases-easy"><span id="How_Does_Testsigma_Make_Maintenance_of_Automated_Test_Cases_Easy"><strong>How Does Testsigma Make Maintenance of Automated Test Cases Easy?</strong></span></h2>



<p>By now, we know that maintenance testing is extensive but possible. But what if we told you that it need not be as stressful? It is possible with the help of a feature called Self-healing. Testsigma supports the self-healing of test cases. </p>



<p>Here are some ways in which Testsigma makes maintenance of automated test cases easy:</p>



<p>1. Self-healing: As mentioned earlier, Testsigma&#8217;s self-healing feature is a game-changer. It uses <a href="https://testsigma.com/ai-driven-test-automation" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AI-powered automation</a> to determine any changes made to web elements in the source code and resolves them on its own, preventing the test cases from failing. This means that even if there are minor changes in the web application, the test cases will continue to function without any manual intervention.</p>



<p>2. Reusability: Testsigma allows you to create reusable test cases, which can be used across multiple projects and releases. This not only saves time and effort but also ensures that the test cases are consistent and reliable.</p>



<p>3. Easy Maintenance: Testsigma&#8217;s intuitive interface makes it easy to maintain test cases. The platform allows you to update test cases quickly and efficiently, ensuring that they remain up-to-date and relevant.</p>



<p>4. Collaboration: Testsigma allows multiple team members to work on the same test cases simultaneously, making it easy to collaborate and ensure that the test cases are accurate and reliable.</p>



<p>5. Comprehensive Reporting: Testsigma provides comprehensive reporting, which helps you identify issues and areas that require attention. The reporting feature also allows you to track progress and measure the effectiveness of your test cases.</p>



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<p></p>



<h2 id="h-conclusion"><span id="Conclusion"><strong>Conclusion</strong></span></h2>



<p>Developers keep changing the code regularly. New features come up, UI undergoes changes, and users request modifications &#8211; many such activities require code changes. With these changes, the tests need to be modified too. This is when maintenance testing comes into the picture. With regular test maintenance &#8211; automated test cases can help catch bugs on the latest code too. Thus, test maintenance can take a lot of time if not managed well. A part of the problem can be solved by choosing a test automation tool that supports test maintenance. Testsigma is one such tool with features such as:</p>



<ul><li>Easy-to-edit test steps</li><li>Self-healing test cases</li><li>Reusable test steps</li></ul>



<p>Not only this, Testsigma is a low-code test automation tool that makes your test authoring 10x faster. And lets you automate tests for web, mobile, Desktop, and APIs from the same place.</p>



<h2 id="h-frequently-asked-questions-faqs"><span id="Frequently_Asked_Questions_FAQs"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)</strong></span></h2>



<h3 id="h-when-should-maintenance-testing-occur"><span id="When_should_maintenance_testing_occur">When should maintenance testing occur?</span></h3>



<p>Maintenance testing should occur after deploying and delivering the application to the end users. It is a sort of customer service that listens to user queries and fixes the issues encountered by them.</p>



<h3 id="h-what-is-the-importance-of-test-maintenance"><span id="What_is_the_importance_of_test_maintenance">What is the importance of test maintenance?</span></h3>



<p>The importance of test maintenance lies in saving time and cost. It helps to keep tests up-to-date with every source code change and eliminates the need to write new test cases in such situations.</p>


Test Maintenance: Guide On How to Maintain Automated Tests

What is Maintenance Testing in Software Testing?


<p>An application undergoes testing way more than it goes through the development and modification phases. First, developers perform <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/unit-testing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Unit testing</a>. Then after production is complete, QA verifies multiple aspects, including Performance, Functionality, Integration, Regression, UI, and more. Evidently, having a collective of software, test data, test drivers and stubs, and <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/automation-testing-tools/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">testing tools</a> to validate&nbsp;an application under varying conditions will simplify the testing process; this collection is called a Test Harness. Especially, test harness refers to drivers and stubs, which are programs that interact with the application under test (AUT). Often used synonymously with an <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/test-automation-frameworks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">automated test framework</a>, a Test harness is a group of all the elements, tools, and data you require to check an application under test (AUT) in different situations. We outline this topic in the blog to help you understand why and how test harnesses are imperative for your business.</p>



<div id="toc_container" class="no_bullets"><p class="toc_title">Table Of Contents</p><ul class="toc_list"><li><a href="#What_is_Test_Harness"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">1</span> What is Test Harness?</a></li><li><a href="#Why_Use_Test_Harness"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">2</span> Why Use Test Harness?</a></li><li><a href="#Benefits_of_Test_Harness"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">3</span> Benefits of Test Harness</a></li><li><a href="#Key_Features_of_the_Test_Harness"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">4</span> Key Features of the Test Harness</a></li><li><a href="#When_and_Where_to_Use_Test_Harness"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">5</span> When and Where to Use Test Harness?</a><ul><li><a href="#Automation_Testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">5.1</span> Automation Testing</a></li><li><a href="#Integration_Testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">5.2</span> Integration Testing</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#Examples_of_Test_Harnesses"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">6</span> Examples of Test Harnesses</a></li><li><a href="#Test_Harness_vs_Test_Framework"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">7</span> Test Harness vs Test Framework</a></li><li><a href="#Wrapping_it_up"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">8</span> Wrapping it up!</a></li><li><a href="#Frequently_Asked_Questions_FAQs"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">9</span> Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)</a><ul><li><a href="#Why_is_it_called_a_test_harness"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">9.1</span> Why is it called a test harness?</a></li><li><a href="#What_is_the_context_where_the_test_harness_is_used"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">9.2</span> What is the context where the test harness is used?</a></li></ul></li></ul></div>
<h2 id="h-what-is-test-harness"><span id="What_is_Test_Harness"><strong>What is Test Harness?</strong></span></h2>



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter"><img src="https://images.storychief.com/account_36412/test-harness-image-1_061a27db45fc685c1f2ad9aacdcd572b_2000.jpg" alt="Test harness stages"/><figcaption><a href="https://www.tutorialspoint.com/what-is-a-test-harness-tools-examples" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow">Test harness stages</a></figcaption></figure></div>



<p>As mentioned earlier, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_harness" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Test harness</a> is a collection of testing tools, test data, software, drivers, and more to facilitate the software test automation process. It consists of all the detailed equipment and elements a test automation process requires. Once the test automation is complete, the behavior and output of the application testing process are monitored. A subsequent report is also generated.</p>



<p>It is an essential part of the <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/software-testing-strategy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">software testing strategy</a> that assists QAs in testing each application feature in detail. It includes executing automated test cases to generate the output and <a href="https://testsigma.com/reports" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reporting</a> them to developers. Then, coders can analyze the reports to identify the issues and perform the necessary fixes.</p>



<h2 id="h-why-use-test-harness"><span id="Why_Use_Test_Harness"><strong>Why Use Test Harness?</strong></span></h2>



<p>The primary reason to use a test harness is that they are external to the AUT. And replicate the resources or elements that are still unavailable in the test environment. For instance, if you have an application with different modules that require connection with other systems, a test harness can help you out. If the external system is not yet available during the development phase, you should create a test harness as a replacement to continue with the testing process.</p>



<p>Another reason is that a&nbsp;test harness consists of the test execution engine and the test script repository. The former is the software that performs the test, and the test script repository is the location to store test scripts and cases. This way, you have all the necessary testing requirements in one place, which are all easily accessible.</p>



<h2 id="h-benefits-of-test-harness"><span id="Benefits_of_Test_Harness"><strong>Benefits of Test Harness</strong></span></h2>



<p>There are numerous benefits to using a test harness for the testing process. We list down a few of them here:</p>



<ul><li>It helps automate the testing process to simplify and improve overall productivity.</li><li>It contains all the necessary tools and data to execute test cases and suites in one place.</li><li>Developers receive a detailed report with all the relevant information to pinpoint the issues found during the automated testing process.</li><li>It helps developers to measure the test coverage at the code level with high accuracy.</li><li>Test harness&nbsp;in software testing helps to simulate and handle complex conditions to support testers in efficiently managing such situations.</li><li>It is instrumental in debugging and enhancing software quality.</li></ul>



<h2 id="h-key-features-of-the-test-harness"><span id="Key_Features_of_the_Test_Harness"><strong>Key Features of the Test Harness</strong></span></h2>



<p>While the benefits of a test harness will aid you in understanding the necessity of the process, the key features will help you find the exact reason why you should opt for a test harness.</p>



<ul><li>Supports automation of tests</li><li>Monitors and record test results</li><li>Provides flexibility and support for debugging</li><li>It helps developers measure the test coverage</li><li>Execute test suites in the right testing framework</li><li>Manage and input data tests in the AUT</li><li>Supports test case optimization</li></ul>



<h2 id="h-when-and-where-to-use-test-harness"><span id="When_and_Where_to_Use_Test_Harness"><strong>When and Where to Use Test Harness?</strong></span></h2>



<p>There are multiple instances where you can use the test harness. But predominantly, there are two major tests that benefit mainly from using a test harness: Automation and Integration testing. Let&#8217;s discuss them one by one.</p>



<h3 id="h-automation-testing"><span id="Automation_Testing">Automation Testing</span></h3>



<p>In automation testing, test harness functions as a framework that consists of test scripts to run different tests and generate reports with the results of all the executions. Developers can analyze the report to identify the issues, if any, and make improvements.</p>



<p>Often, the right approach to automation testing is when there is a need for running repetitive tests, complex test scenarios, smoke testing, data-driven, and performance testing.</p>



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<p>One instance we can talk about is verifying the data before moving it to the testing tool and receiving proper reporting and analytics for the same. Testsigma data management, along with the feature to get the right report and analytics, allows you to add to your test harness system and improve the testing ability multifold.</p>



<h3 id="h-integration-testing"><span id="Integration_Testing">Integration Testing</span></h3>



<p>We know that Integration testing is validating the connection between two sub-systems of an application to check if they are logically working as per the requirement. And In Integration testing, many developers rely on stubs and drivers to complete the system for testing. Stubs/drivers take the place of the missing module to enable testers to continue the testing process. Without them, they would have to wait for developers to finish working on all the modules, integrate them, and then start the testing process. In case you have to combine the homepage with the login page and add a payment gateway, integration testing comes into the picture here.</p>



<p>First, you must logically connect all these separate elements and test the flow of data between them. Perform unit testing on the login page and check if it integrates logically with the payment feature. But if any of these two pages are missing, a part of the test harness can act as a stub or a driver to replace the modules and continue the testing.</p>



<p>Here, the test harness includes all the documents and tools for planning, designing, developing, and using stubs and drivers to perform Integration testing.</p>



<h2 id="h-examples-of-test-harnesses"><span id="Examples_of_Test_Harnesses"><strong>Examples of Test Harnesses</strong></span></h2>



<p>Let’s take some examples of test harnesses. </p>



<p>1. Consider an e-commerce application that offers users décor items. The website&nbsp;consists of several modules: homepage, product pages, cart, Wishlist, and payment gateway, to name a few. You need to test every feature of the site and ensure that no issues slip away. However, it is difficult to perform the entire testing process in one single shot. With Testsigma, you can run the test cases across 3000+ real devices and browsers. Your testers do not need to spend much time writing test cases and maintaining input data. Testsigma allows you no-code testing with test data management options. And you receive reports and analytics documents to share with all your stakeholders. You can also integrate our test automation tool with&nbsp;multiple bug-tracking tools, CI/CD software, and collaboration platforms. And all of these different aspects would come under test harness for this particular testing.</p>



<p>2. Another example is in terms of integration testing, which undertakes two or more elements to make a functioning system. We can take the example of a login page (of the above e-commerce website) that takes the user to a dashboard with their purchase history, settings, notifications, saved addresses, and more. First, you would need to establish a logical connection between all these modules and check how they are linked. Then, you must execute integration tests on all the features. The test harness, in this case, will include all the systems, requirement documents, test scripts, automation tools, and stubs/drivers corresponding to any missing modules.</p>



<p>3. Suppose you are doing Functional testing using Testsigma tool to organize, manage, execute, and monitor the scripts along with handling the test data. For this, the test harness would be Testsigma, test data, test cases, test scripts and their storage location, test results, and elements that compare and monitor test results. And you can handle all these attributes using Testsigma tool easily. </p>



<p>4. For Unit testing, developers execute the testing process on the code or module they worked on. The test harness for Unit testing would include the test code developers create, the tool they use to run the script, and the output they receive.</p>



<h2 id="h-test-harness-vs-test-framework"><span id="Test_Harness_vs_Test_Framework"><strong>Test Harness vs Test Framework</strong></span></h2>


<p style="padding-bottom:30px">While test harness and test framework are usually thought to be similar, they have small, visible differences. Here are some of the clear differences between a test harness and a test framework.</p>


<figure class="wp-block-table"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Test Harness</strong></td><td><strong>Test Framework</strong></td></tr><tr><td>It is a collection of drivers and stubs that are a requirement in software testing</td><td>It is a set of procedures, processes, and test environments in the automation testing setting</td></tr><tr><td>Record &amp; Playback testing option is not available</td><td>Record &amp; Playback testing option is available</td></tr><tr><td>Covers all the relevant information for compiling, testing, and software deployment</td><td>It consists of information like test libraries, scripts, tools, test environment, and so on</td></tr><tr><td>Comes in two categories: automation and integration testing</td><td>Comes in multiple testing categories: data-driven, code-based, keyword-driven, hybrid, and more</td></tr><tr><td>It is specific to the testing</td><td>It is a generic process</td></tr><tr><td>Contains a collection of dummy programs to maintain a relation with application under test</td><td>Contains a collection of dummy programs to maintain a relation with application under test&nbsp;<br>Consists of logical concepts, environments, and so to design and run the tests&nbsp;</td></tr></tbody></table></figure>



<br><h2 id="h-wrapping-it-up"><span id="Wrapping_it_up">Wrapping it up!</span></h2>



<p>Testing an application requires data, test scripts, test environments, output recording and analysis, and integrations. And no matter how much you try, you cannot check all the aspects of your software in one shot. Having a test harness helps you to keep a collection of all the necessary features, tools, data, and more to make your testing process smooth and easy to conduct. All you have to do is gather the required materials and use them whenever the situation calls for it.</p>



<p>Your best bet to use a test harness for your software testing purpose is to use tools that support the process. Testsigma is a test automation tool that consists of several features ranging from test data management and <a href="https://testsigma.com/automated-data-driven-testing" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">data-driven testing</a> to <a href="https://testsigma.com/regression-testing/automated-regression-testing-tool" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">regression testing</a> and report and analytics, which are all the essential parts of a test harness. Check out the tool demo <a href="https://testsigma.com/request-demo" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">here</a> and sign up for a <a href="https://testsigma.com/signup" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">free trial</a> to see our tool in action. </p>



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<br><h2 id="h-frequently-asked-questions-faqs"><span id="Frequently_Asked_Questions_FAQs">Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)</span></h2>



<h3 id="h-why-is-it-called-a-test-harness"><span id="Why_is_it_called_a_test_harness">Why is it called a test harness?</span></h3>



<p>Harness refers to a tool or equipment to control something. Test harness derives the meaning from the same idea. It means having a collection of tools or equipment in one place to perform the testing process.</p>



<h3 id="h-what-is-the-context-where-the-test-harness-is-used"><span id="What_is_the_context_where_the_test_harness_is_used">What is the context where the test harness is used?</span></h3>



<p>A test harness is used in two places for software testing: Automation testing and Integration testing. In automation testing, it is used for running test scripts and storing test data. In integration testing, the test harness uses stubs and drivers to replace missing modules.</p>


Test Harness in Software Testing Usage, Examples, and Benefits

Test Harness in Software Testing | Usage, Examples, & Benefits


<p>An application is a collection of several components functioning together to meet user requirements. APIs, servers, web services, databases, and more are intertwined under one roof to build software that does what you want it to do. For instance, your favorite e-commerce store has UI elements, cart and Wishlist functionality, secure payment option, rewards, login, and many more systems running together to improve your shopping experience. These separate modules communicate through an interface. And for flawless interaction, Interface testing is critical because any type of error in the interface can lead to&nbsp;system issues.</p>



<p>Understandably, Interface testing is an essential part of your test planning that must not be skipped. And because it requires a clear knowledge of different components and the need to review data transfer between them, you would also need an elaborate guide on how to perform Interface Testing.</p>



<p>We bring that one guide to you.</p>



<div id="toc_container" class="no_bullets"><p class="toc_title">Table Of Contents</p><ul class="toc_list"><li><a href="#What_is_Interface_Testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">1</span> What is Interface Testing?</a></li><li><a href="#Advantages_of_Interface_Testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">2</span> Advantages of Interface Testing</a></li><li><a href="#How_to_Perform_Interface_Testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">3</span> How to Perform Interface Testing?</a></li><li><a href="#Types_of_Interface_Testing_with_Examples"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">4</span> Types of Interface Testing with Examples</a><ul><li><a href="#Workflow_Testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">4.1</span> Workflow Testing</a></li><li><a href="#Security_Testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">4.2</span> Security Testing</a></li><li><a href="#Functional_Testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">4.3</span> Functional Testing</a></li><li><a href="#Load_Testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">4.4</span> Load Testing</a></li><li><a href="#Error-detection"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">4.5</span> Error-detection</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#Interface_Testing_Best_Practices"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">5</span> Interface Testing Best Practices</a><ul><li><a href="#Understand_and_Define_Your_Requirements"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">5.1</span> Understand and Define Your Requirements</a></li><li><a href="#Write_Relevant_Test_Cases"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">5.2</span> Write Relevant Test Cases</a></li><li><a href="#Build_a_Test_Data_Set"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">5.3</span> Build a Test Data Set</a></li><li><a href="#Check_on_Different_Platforms"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">5.4</span> Check on Different Platforms</a></li><li><a href="#Document_Clearly"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">5.5</span> Document Clearly</a></li><li><a href="#Use_a_Testing_Framework_for_the_Automation_of_Interface_Testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">5.6</span> Use a Testing Framework for the Automation of Interface Testing</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#Tools_for_Automating_Interface_Testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">6</span> Tools for Automating Interface Testing</a><ul><li><a href="#Testsigma"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">6.1</span> Testsigma</a></li><li><a href="#Postman"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">6.2</span> Postman</a></li><li><a href="#SoapUI"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">6.3</span> SoapUI</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#Conclusion"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">7</span> Conclusion</a></li><li><a href="#Frequently_Asked_Questions_FAQs"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">8</span> Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)</a><ul><li><a href="#What_is_the_difference_between_interface_testing_and_integration_testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">8.1</span> What is the difference between interface testing and integration testing?</a></li><li><a href="#What_is_an_interface_in_API_testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">8.2</span> What is an interface in API testing?</a></li></ul></li></ul></div>
<h2 id="what-is-interface-testing"><span id="What_is_Interface_Testing"><strong>What is Interface Testing?</strong></span></h2>



<p>Interface testing is a type of software testing that verifies the interaction between two separate systems of an application. It is a medium that helps components communicate with each other. Usually, it can be in the form of API, UI, servers, graphics, and more. It uses specific commands, messages, and data transfer techniques to act as a connection between the user and the application.</p>



<p>Keep in mind that Interface testing does not validate the functioning of a single component. It only checks if two interfacing systems communicate properly for the software to work as per requirements. If any conflict or issue arises during the testing phase, it is dealt with by the developers.</p>



<h2 id="h-advantages-of-interface-testing"><span id="Advantages_of_Interface_Testing"><strong>Advantages of Interface Testing</strong></span></h2>



<p>There are a few advantages of Interface testing:</p>



<ul><li>An easy-to-understand and use UI decreases the learning for the users to use the application</li><li>Interface testing increases the application’s demand in the market due to it having a stable design and un-complex GUI</li><li>It helps get a grip on what users expect from the application and modify the interface according to that knowledge</li><li>Interface testing improves overall customer satisfaction and makes for an effective application with the potential to gather more users.</li></ul>



<h2 id="h-how-to-perform-interface-testing"><span id="How_to_Perform_Interface_Testing"><strong>How to Perform Interface Testing?</strong></span></h2>



<p>Primarily, Interface testing is for two systems of an application that have connections with each other to ensure the proper functioning of the application. It consists of two major sections:</p>



<ul><li>The interface between the web server and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_server" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">application server</a></li><li>The interface between the application server and the database server</li></ul>



<p>It is necessary to check for the interfaces mentioned above to :</p>



<ul><li>That these servers are running properly</li><li>The servers have the right error handling capability, along with the option to return an error message for queries made by the application</li><li>If outcome is proper if/when the connection gets severed due to any problem</li></ul>



<h2 id="h-types-of-interface-testing-with-examples"><span id="Types_of_Interface_Testing_with_Examples"><strong>Types of Interface Testing with Examples</strong></span></h2>



<p>We know that Interface testing checks for connections between two systems in a software. And you can do that by performing various types of Interface testing that we have discussed below:</p>



<h3 id="h-workflow-testing"><span id="Workflow_Testing">Workflow Testing</span></h3>



<p>As per the name, Workflow testing checks for the end-to-end working of the application to validate proper data transfer. The goal is to ensure that the system functions as per the user expectations. Its purpose is to verify if the software workflow is as per the business process, which includes executing a series of steps to see if information/data workflow is proper.</p>



<p>An example of Workflow testing is verifying the transition from signing up and then logging into the application with a valid ID. This process validates the flow between two pages and functionalities using the right data. Even negative data sets test if the workflow rejects the wrong information in such a case.</p>



<h3 id="h-security-testing"><span id="Security_Testing">Security Testing</span></h3>



<p>This type of testing is to understand the security lapses in software to identify possible vulnerabilities that hackers can exploit. It is critical to check the safety of the data/information flow from one system to another. For instance, a loophole on the signup page can compromise the confidential data of every user of the application.</p>



<p>Here, testing of the interface is done through processes such as Penetration testing and access-control testing. An example would be to check only a user that has access is able to login. Any other attempts with invalid data should not be allowed. Here, testers also try to test the robustness of the system against possible hacking attempts.</p>



<h3 id="h-functional-testing"><span id="Functional_Testing">Functional Testing</span></h3>



<p>This testing approach undertakes to verify all the functional aspects of an application. In simple words, functional testing takes care of every small part of the application which has a certain function. Like ‘Forgot Password,’ drop-down menus, images/vidoes, signup/sign-in, search, and much more come under functional testing. It checks for error-free data transfer between different modules. Most often than not, functional testing comes under the black box testing technique, as testers do not access the source code.</p>



<p>An example of functional testing is checking for a return order window and seeing if it works for users as intended for an e-commerce app. Other examples would include verifying the drop-down menus, website clicks, right link placements, and search showing the right results.</p>



<h3 id="h-load-testing"><span id="Load_Testing">Load Testing</span></h3>



<p>This testing type validates how much load/traffic an application can withstand before it crashes down due to heavy influx. The idea is to determine the threshold of the software as in, how many users maximum, can access it at one time, without it breaking. </p>



<p>One example of load testing is checking the application’s ability to handle heavy traffic by hitting the server multiple times.</p>



<h3 id="h-error-detection"><span id="Error-detection">Error-detection</span></h3>



<p>Often, code defects are the reason behind any runtime error. Various tools such as debuggers and profilers are useful to detect runtime errors.</p>



<p>An example of runtime error detection is looking for any possible issues while logging into an application. Another example would be to check if there are any broken elements or click issues on the screen after you open an app on your phone.</p>



<h2 id="h-interface-testing-best-practices"><span id="Interface_Testing_Best_Practices"><strong>Interface Testing Best Practices</strong></span></h2>



<p>You can perform Interface testing in two ways: Bottom-up and Top-down approach. For a better understanding of what these options are and how they function, you can read our <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/difference-between-top-down-and-bottom-up-integration-testing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">blog</a>.</p>



<p>But despite your choice of one of these two approaches, there are a few best practices that you must follow as a tester to ensure that the application interface is working as per expectations.</p>



<h3 id="h-understand-and-define-your-requirements"><span id="Understand_and_Define_Your_Requirements">Understand and Define Your Requirements</span></h3>



<p>Before you start any project, it is advisable to accurately understand the requirements and document them to avoid missing out on critical points. Similarly, before conducting Interface testing, testers should lay out the testing requirements to build test cases on the same &#8211; positive and negative.</p>



<h3 id="h-write-relevant-test-cases"><span id="Write_Relevant_Test_Cases">Write Relevant Test Cases</span></h3>



<p>Running test cases manually is a laborious task. It is time-consuming and asks for more than just a keen eye. It requires patience, the right knowledge about the application, and sufficient resources to manually perform all the testing activities. That is why creating test cases that are relevant to your software will ensure that you don’t waste time executing something that does not apply to you.</p>



<h3 id="h-build-a-test-data-set"><span id="Build_a_Test_Data_Set">Build a Test Data Set</span></h3>



<p>Before you design and execute the test cases, create a set of test data that will fuel your testing efforts. And make sure to add all the information for the data to mimic real-life scenarios, so you can check if your application is user-ready or not.</p>



<h3 id="h-check-on-different-platforms"><span id="Check_on_Different_Platforms">Check on Different Platforms</span></h3>



<p>Different devices have differing resolutions, user-friendliness, and size; it only makes sense to run Interface testing on multiple platforms to validate the overall intuitiveness of your software for easy usage.</p>



<h3 id="h-document-clearly"><span id="Document_Clearly">Document Clearly</span></h3>



<p>Do not skip or forget the documentation part. Record every test run and result so you can use it later to troubleshoot any bugs.</p>



<h3 id="h-use-a-testing-framework-for-the-automation-of-interface-testing"><span id="Use_a_Testing_Framework_for_the_Automation_of_Interface_Testing">Use a Testing Framework for the Automation of Interface Testing</span></h3>



<p>Running Interface testing on several devices with different test data sets can be time-consuming. The process can become redundant, and as more features get added, the test execution will require more resources too. With the use of a test framework, testers can automate these interface tests. Automating these tests helps save time and effort that can be used in other testing activities.</p>



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<h2 id="h-tools-for-automating-interface-testing"><span id="Tools_for_Automating_Interface_Testing"><strong>Tools for Automating Interface Testing</strong></span></h2>



<p>Here are three of the most popular and easy-to-use test automation tools for interface tests:</p>



<h3 id="h-testsigma"><span id="Testsigma"><a href="https://testsigma.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Testsigma</a></span></h3>



<p>The AI-powered, no-code, open-source test automation platform, Testsigma, is the perfect tool for running your easy and complex test cases whenever and wherever. Deploy it locally or on your cloud, use plain English to write your test cases, debug and view test reports easily, and empower your test scripts to automatically fix using Testsigma’s AI. Testsigma lets you automate your tests for UI (web, mobile and Desktop) as well as APIs.</p>



<p>Start automating your interface tests for GUI and API, in minutes, with Testsigma</p>



<h3 id="h-postman"><span id="Postman">Postman</span></h3>



<p>Although Postman is an <a href="https://testsigma.com/api-testing-tools" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">API testing tool</a>, it still is accessible to run functionality, performance, security, and integrity testing using API requests. All of these are the type of testing that comes under the interface of an application.</p>



<p>Using API calls, you can check the performance of the software based on its time to receive data from the server. For security, testers can use HTTPS through API requests. Even functional and integrity testing are possible. You can check the former by verifying server uptime, page tags and structure, and page headers. Integrity testing checks if the flow of data to and from your page is from verified sources. You can do it by verifying the validity of your webpage links. You can read more about it&nbsp;<a href="https://medium.com/better-practices/ui-testing-with-postman-df713eb9788c" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow">here</a>.</p>



<h3 id="h-soapui"><span id="SoapUI">SoapUI</span></h3>



<p>Another API testing tool that supports entire functional testing as well as SoapUI. It supports Data-driven testing where you can pass the data in CSV or Excel format. As per your requirement, you can easily execute security and load testing as well, similar to what we mentioned for Postman. Overall, Interface testing is possible with SoapUI as it contains almost all types of website interfaces to run the test cases.</p>



<p>You can explore many other UI testing tools that will automate your Interface testing journey to ensure your application is user-friendly and easy to use.</p>



<h2 id="h-conclusion"><span id="Conclusion"><strong>Conclusion</strong></span></h2>



<p>No application is ready for users and market release if the interface check is still pending. Before customers understand the background of your software, they look at its interface and learn the functionality. And if the basics are not working properly, your application is doomed to a failed announcement.</p>



<p>But the solution comes in the form of Interface testing that consists of many different testing types to ensure that your complete application is working as per expectations. We list down why you must go for testing the interface (in the form of advantages) and tools that you can use for your business/project. And if you want a few examples, they are also present for you to understand the concept better.</p>



<h2 id="h-frequently-asked-questions-faqs"><span id="Frequently_Asked_Questions_FAQs"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)</strong></span></h2>



<h3 id="h-what-is-the-difference-between-interface-testing-and-integration-testing"><span id="What_is_the_difference_between_interface_testing_and_integration_testing">What is the difference between interface testing and integration testing?</span></h3>



<p>Interface testing pertains to checking the communication between two sub-systems or components. For instance, UI is the interface between users and the application. And API is the interface between the backend and the application. <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/integration-testing-types/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Integration testing</a> checks how two or more modules of the application integrate and transfer data among themselves.</p>



<h3 id="h-what-is-an-interface-in-api-testing"><span id="What_is_an_interface_in_API_testing">What is an interface in API testing?</span></h3>



<p>API is an application programming interface; it is an interface for communication between the application and the backend.</p>


What is Interface Testing with Types, Examples, and Tools


<p>Many years have passed since the first testing methodology made its way into SDLC processes. At the time, the software testing activities were simple and straightforward: validating the application against user requirements after the development stage was over. </p>



<p>The times moved ahead, and the procedures evolved. Today, several testing types exist under the umbrella term of ‘software testing.’ Two of them are scripted testing and exploratory testing. They both have their own specifications, benefits and use cases that decide where you can use which approach. </p>



<p>“Scripted Testing” is the primary topic of our blog. And our aim here is to help you understand the nuances of scripted testing and its differences from <a href="https://www.atlassian.com/continuous-delivery/software-testing/exploratory-testing#:~:text=Exploratory%20testing%20is%20an%20approach,the%20scope%20of%20other%20tests." target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow">exploratory testing</a>.</p>



<p>We will discuss the definition, benefits, and use cases of scripted testing. Alongside this, we will also highlight some of the major differences between the two testing types.</p>



<div id="toc_container" class="no_bullets"><p class="toc_title">Table Of Contents</p><ul class="toc_list"><li><a href="#What_is_Scripted_Testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">1</span> What is Scripted Testing?</a></li><li><a href="#Scripted_Testing_to_Automated_Testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">2</span> Scripted Testing to Automated Testing</a></li><li><a href="#When_to_Use_Scripted_Testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">3</span> When to Use Scripted Testing?</a></li><li><a href="#Exploratory_Testing_vs_Scripted_Testing_vs_Automated_Testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">4</span> Exploratory Testing vs Scripted Testing vs Automated Testing</a></li><li><a href="#Takeaway"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">5</span> Takeaway</a></li><li><a href="#Frequently_Asked_Questions_FAQs"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1">6</span> Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)</a><ul><li><a href="#What_is_manual_scripted_testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">6.1</span> What is manual scripted testing?</a></li><li><a href="#What_is_an_example_of_scripted_testing"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_2">6.2</span> What is an example of scripted testing?</a></li></ul></li></ul></div>
<h2 id="h-what-is-scripted-testing"><span id="What_is_Scripted_Testing">What is Scripted Testing?</span></h2>



<p>In software testing, scripted testing is an approach where the testing team follows a step-by-step procedure to check the application under test (AUT). The idea is to ensure that all necessary tests undergo execution during the testing phase. Therefore, the testers stick to a script that consists of all the necessary instructions to conduct the testing process.</p>



<p>Prior to starting the software test execution phase, the testing team needs to understand the user requirements, define the test cases, and follow the testing instructions and steps; basically, keep all the documents ready for testing purposes. While QAs can deviate from the script, it is usually nominal, not negatively affecting the testing potential.</p>



<p id="h-advantages"><strong>Advantages </strong></p>



<p>Scripted testing offers multiple advantages other than maintaining all your test cases and instructions at one central location:</p>



<ul><li>Test cases are designed as per requirements, which helps in creating test cases covering functional and non-functional aspects of the applications &#8211; according to the requirements</li><li>Test case tracking is easy as it follows user requirement documents</li><li>It is easy to access the scripts of other team members as well</li><li>Scripted testing is beneficial in understanding complex test scenarios where prior planning is necessary</li><li>It is helpful in identifying and removing redundant test cases, which further supports the move to <a href="https://testsigma.com/automated-testing" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">automated testing</a></li><li>It helps in determining usability and GUI issues with accuracy</li><li>Scripted testing assists testers in gaining proper knowledge about testing the application, even if they lack domain understanding.</li><li>It is easy to automate and follow through to record and understand the results</li></ul>



<p id="h-disadvantages"><strong>Disadvantages </strong></p>



<p>There are some disadvantages to scripted testing that you should know about:</p>



<ul><li>It is possible to miss and overlook critical bugs as testers will only follow the test cases document as the reference</li><li>Designing and planning the test cases are a time-consuming process</li><li>It is not a suitable approach for a situation that calls for a quick and rapid response</li></ul>



<h2 id="h-scripted-testing-to-automated-testing"><span id="Scripted_Testing_to_Automated_Testing">Scripted Testing to Automated Testing</span></h2>



<p>When these scripted test cases are executed repeatedly, automating them makes sense. Automated testing executes test scripts without the need for human supervision and saves time and efforts. </p>



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<p>When you decide to automate your scripted tests, it is advised to choose the tool that is right for your requirements. Here is a blog that will help you choose the right tool for test automation. Testsigma is a tool that would be right for you if you are looking for: </p>



<p>1. A tool that lets you start your test automation in minutes. </p>



<p>2. Does not need you to be an expert at coding. </p>



<p>3. Lets you automate for web, mobile, APIs and desktop from the same place. </p>



<p>For more features of Testsigma, check <a href="https://testsigma.com">here</a>. </p>



<br><h2 id="h-when-to-use-scripted-testing"><span id="When_to_Use_Scripted_Testing">When to Use Scripted Testing?</span></h2>



<p>As scripted testing is a group of all things necessary in software testing, there are a few scenarios you should know about to implement this process. For instance, scripted testing is the best approach when working on complex and high-risk applications. Some examples of where scripted testing should be your approach are where time and precision coincide. Applications referring to finances, healthcare, and defense must follow this approach so they do not miss out on any test steps and increase the test coverage to ensure minimal life-threatening bugs.</p>



<p>Here are some of the instances where you would need to use scripted testing:</p>



<ul><li>When there are too many test steps, and you cannot risk skipping/missing any, you need to document the test cases.</li><li>When testers need to run redundant test cases and keep the test document handy</li><li>Instances where high test coverage is necessary with better testing skills because high-level scripts provide testers with a set of actions to cover all these testing requirements</li><li>It is well-suited for a testing approach where proper documentation is required so testers can easily follow through with all the testing requirements</li><li>Scripted testing is the right initial approach for precision-sensitive apps and heavy tools for running test cases and moving toward automation with the intent to eliminate the instances of missed test steps</li><li>This is the right approach when you are automating the test cases to avoid missing out on any steps to check the application functionality</li></ul>



<h2 id="h-exploratory-testing-vs-scripted-testing-vs-automated-testing"><span id="Exploratory_Testing_vs_Scripted_Testing_vs_Automated_Testing">Exploratory Testing vs Scripted Testing vs Automated Testing</span></h2><br>



<figure class="wp-block-table"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Scripted Testing</strong>&nbsp;</td><td><strong>Exploratory Testing</strong>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Suitable to execute when all requirements and documents are available&nbsp;</td><td>You can run this testing even when requirements and documents are unavailable&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Comparatively, more preparation is needed&nbsp; because it can only be done after proper documentation&nbsp;</td><td>Not much preparation is required&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Testers can even do it without complete domain knowledge&nbsp;</td><td>Testers require the right domain knowledge&nbsp;&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>New testers can easily perform scripted testing</td><td>Exploratory testing is better done by testers with some experience</td></tr><tr><td>Tests can be traced back to the original document to understand and analyze the test coverage&nbsp;</td><td>Without documents, it is difficult to track the tests back to the original requirement documents to understand the test coverage&nbsp;<br></td></tr><tr><td>Emphasis on adaptability and learning&nbsp;</td><td>Emphasis is on prediction and decision-making&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Independent of skills of testers&nbsp;</td><td>Dependent on the skills of testers&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Feedback is slow&nbsp;</td><td>Feedback is faster&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>It is easier to manage the test coverage&nbsp;</td><td>It is difficult to manage the test coverage&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Can be automated&nbsp;</td><td>It cannot be automated&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Scripted testing workflow &#8211;<br><br><strong>Steps are:<br></strong>1. Go through requirements/use cases<br>2. Prepare the test scripts<br>3. Run the test scripts and see if it matches the acceptance criteria</td><td>Exploratory testing workflow &#8211;<br><br><strong>Steps are:<br></strong>1.Testers explore the application<br>2. Derive and Execute the test cases per their experience and intuition</td></tr></tbody></table></figure>



<p><p style="padding-top:30px">When compared to automated testing &#8211; scripted testing is easier to automate as the specifications and requirements are clearly outlined, while exploratory is usually unplanned and is not automated.</p></p>



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<h2 id="h-takeaway"><span id="Takeaway">Takeaway</span></h2>



<p>Scripted testing is straightforward and easy to follow as it depends on documentation and user requirements. Testers follow this type of testing approach as it helps them follow the right sequence of test cases and record the results for a better analysis. Scripted testing differs from the <a href="https://testsigma.com/blog/exploratory-testing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exploratory testing</a> that QAs use when they have deep technical and domain knowledge about AUT.</p>



<p>We highlighted all the relevant points in this blog about both testing approaches &#8211; advantages, disadvantages, and differences between them. Testsigma is a no-code testing automation that supports almost every testing effort, including test data management, results recording. test scripts in plain English, and proper documentation. </p>



<p><p style="padding-bottom:30px">For more details, check out the <a href="https://testsigma.com/request-demo" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">demo</a> and see our tool in action for yourself. </p></p>



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<br><h2 id="h-frequently-asked-questions-faqs"><span id="Frequently_Asked_Questions_FAQs">Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)</span></h2>



<h3 id="h-what-is-manual-scripted-testing"><span id="What_is_manual_scripted_testing">What is manual scripted testing?</span></h3>



<p>Manual scripted testing involves humans understanding the application, writing test scripts, and then executing them. It involves no automation. Testers carry out the entire process themselves and note down the results for developers and stakeholders to analyze.</p>



<h3 id="h-what-is-an-example-of-scripted-testing"><span id="What_is_an_example_of_scripted_testing">What is an example of scripted testing?</span></h3>



<p>An example of scripted testing is a project that uses traditional software development methodologies that consists of detailed documentation along with proper test scripts. If you develop any application using the waterfall model, it is likely to come under a scripted testing approach.</p>


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